Subject: mariachi
Culture: Mexican
Setting: Mexico / United States
Context (Event Photos, Primary Sources, Secondary Sources, Field Notes)
"The term “mariachi” has its origins in a combination of the now-extinct indigenous Coca language — once spoken in the area now referred to as the Mexican state of Jalisco — and Spanish. Both a noun and an adjective, the word can be used to refer to a musical group, an individual member of the group, or a type of music or instrument. So a mariachi (also called a mariachero) might play a mariachi trumpet in a mariachi (group) that plays mariachi music.
"Mariachi music is a distinct type of traditional Mexican folk music that combines brass and string instruments. The music is accompanied by a distinctive singing style in its harmonies. It can feel rustic, aged, and inspiring in one moment, whimsical and comical in another.
".... The exact location where mariachi music was first performed remains a matter of dispute. However, the consensus of musical historians can answer the question, “Where did mariachi originate?”
"Historians place the origin of mariachi music in the western part of Mexico, likely in an area encompassing the states of Jalisco, Nayarit, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes, Guanajuato, Michoacán, and Colima. Regardless of where mariachi was first played — some historians place mariachi origin as far north as Sinaloa and Durango, while others trace its roots farther south in Guerrero. All agree that the mariachi sound is multicultural.
"During colonial times — from the early 16th century through the mid-19th century — Mexico’s large and varied indigenous nations and cultures mingled their musical styles with the Spanish colonists and the African slave population. Over time, these varied sounds and styles converged to produce the style of music we now call mariachi.
"Following the end of the Mexican revolution in the early 1920s, the Mexican government began promoting mariachi. Mexican folk music was viewed as a unifying source of pride. The government pushed the uniquely Mexican style of mariachi music on the radio and in movies. Mexican mariachi band music became the most featured at political rallies in Mexico, and its most well-known musicians were catapulted into superstardom.
"By the middle of the 20th century, mariachi music had made its way into US culture, gaining popularity in California, the southwest, and eventually throughout the nation. By the 1970s, mariachi music had garnered a worldwide following. To this day, mariachi music consistently tops the Spanish-language music charts and has remained one of the world’s most beloved and recognizable Latin music types."
"The only thing more Mexican than tequila is the mariachi and it seems a shame to have one without the other.
"Mariachi goes beyond music, it is the sum of a cultural revolution expressed through a group of musicians, dressed in popular clothing (most recently charro suits) which encompasses the essence of Mexico and its people. It is something cultural, spiritual and traditional that is unique to this country, an experience not to be missed.
"The word mariachi refers to the musicians now commonly seen in restaurants or strolling the streets, dressed in silver studded charro outfits with wide brimmed hats playing a variety of instruments which include violins, guitars, basses, vihuelas (a 5 string guitar) and trumpets.
"Their songs speak about machismo, love, betrayal, death, politics, revolutionary heroes and even animals (one particularly famous song is “La Cucaracha”).
"The mariachi originated in the southern part of the state of Jalisco sometime in the 19th century. No one is sure where the name comes from although a variety of theories have been postulated and, depending on which best fits the postulators needs, are adhered to.
"The original theory held that mariachi was derived from the French word for wedding – mariage, because of the type of music played at these events. The only problem with this theory is that the music originates in a part of Mexico the French never visited and, even it they had, it began before their arrival in 1864.
"Another theory states that the word comes from the indigenous name of the Pilla or Cirimo tree, whose wood is used to make guitars. If this were true then the word mariachi would be applied to the instrument itself and not to those who play it.
"It has also been suggested that the name comes from a festival in honor of a virgin known as Maria H. (mah-ree-ah AH-chay) at which musicians played and that over time they were given this name.
"The truth is that no one knows where the name originated, but it is one which is associated with a great deal of prestige not only in Mexico, but around the world.
"The origins of the mariachi itself (the group, culture, music, etc.) are not much easier to trace. The mariachi is the sum of a cultural evolution that has taken place over the last century or so in Mexico.
"Although the indigenous tribes of Mexico made music with flutes, drums and whistles, there is no clear link between the indigenous music and the mariachi. The instruments originally used by the mariachi were those introduced by the Spaniards – violins, guitars, vihuelas, harps, etc. These instruments were intended to be used during masses but the criollos (Mexicans of Spanish descent) began using them to make popular music as well, much to the chagrin of the priests, since they were used to accompany some of the more scandalous, satirical or anticlerical couplets of the times.
"Mariachi music thrived with the support of the people. The criollos of the 19th century did all they could to wipe out every last trace of the Spanish presence in Mexico and, by doing so, supported the mariachi music."
* History of Mexico’s mariachi music online
"The genesis of mariachi music can be pinpointed to the 19th century, particularly in the western regions of Mexico, such as Jalisco. However, its influences began much earlier, during the Spanish colonization of the Americas. The arrival of the Spanish in the early 1500s introduced a variety of musical forms to the indigenous peoples of Mexico. This fusion of European and indigenous sounds laid the groundwork for what would eventually become mariachi music.
"Initially, mariachi was associated with rural festivities, weddings, and other celebrations. The style was not formally recognized until the late 19th century when it began to gain popularity in urban centers. The term "mariachi" itself is believed to have originated from the French word "mariage," [SIC] meaning marriage, which reflects the genre's early association with wedding ceremonies. However, there are alternative theories regarding the etymology of the term, and its exact origins remain a topic of debate among historians.
"As the 20th century approached, mariachi began to evolve significantly, transitioning from a regional folk tradition to a recognized symbol of Mexican national identity. The Mexican Revolution (1910-1920) played a crucial role in this transformation, as the country sought to define its cultural identity amidst social and political upheaval. Mariachi music became a means of expressing national pride and cultural heritage, solidifying its place in the Mexican consciousness."
Mask
* Use of masks in Day of the Dead celebrations online
"Every year, the vibrant celebrations of Día de los Muertos (Day of the Dead) invite people to honor and remember their loved ones who have passed away. This unique cultural event, deeply rooted in Mexican tradition, combines elements of indigenous rituals and Spanish influences, creating a rich tapestry of customs and practices. At the heart of these festivities lies a striking and essential element: the use of masks. These intricate creations not only serve as artistic expressions but also carry profound cultural significance, embodying the spirit of the celebration.
"From traditional designs that reflect the history and beliefs of various regions to contemporary interpretations that push the boundaries of creativity, masks play a pivotal role in the Day of the Dead celebrations. They symbolize the duality of life and death, bridging the gap between the living and the deceased. As communities come together to create, wear, and display these masks, they foster a sense of unity and shared identity, making the celebrations even more poignant and memorable.
"[....] The masks used in Day of the Dead celebrations are imbued with profound symbolism. Each mask represents an aspect of the relationship between the living and the dead, serving as a tangible connection to the spirits of ancestors. The act of wearing a mask allows individuals to embody the deceased, fostering a sense of unity between the two realms.
"Colors, shapes, and designs of masks hold significant meanings. For instance, bright colors symbolize life and joy, while darker hues can represent mourning and the complexity of human emotions surrounding death. The use of animal motifs, such as jaguars or eagles, reflects the belief in transformation and the interconnectedness of all living beings. Masks often depict skeletons and skulls, emblematic of the calavera culture, which embraces the notion of death as a part of life rather than something to be feared.
"Furthermore, masks in the context of Day of the Dead serve as a reminder of the cyclical nature of existence. They reinforce the belief that death is not an end but a transition, and by honoring the deceased through masks, communities celebrate their lives and legacies. The act of wearing a mask during festivities becomes a ritualistic expression of love, respect, and remembrance."
Costume
* Verti 1993 p359
"La asociatión entre el traje de charro y el mariachi parece haber comenzado en el año de 1901, cuando el compositor y pianista Miguel Lerdo de Tejada vistió de charros a los músicos de su orquesta típica a fin de darles una imagen más mexicana. Sin embargo, no fue sino hasta principios de los años treinto cuando los grupos procedentes de jalisco comenzaron a uniformarse."
* Alley Theatre 2023-07-19 online
"When you think of mariachi music, one image that likely comes to mind is the iconic charro suit. These vibrant outfits have become synonymous with mariachi culture. It may surprise you that mariachis didn’t always don such glamorous attire. The evolution of the charro suit tells a story of social class, culture, and a merging of traditions.
"In the early days of mariachi music, musicians wore simple attire of white shirts, pants, and sandals. This clothing reflects the humble origins of mariachi as the music of the common people. Mexico’s rural upper class wore the elaborate charro suit at that time.
"The transition to elaborate charro suits began when mariachis performed in public spaces. These places include plazas and markets. To gain attention, groups added a more vibrant and embellished look. Inspired by the attire of the upper class, mariachis adopted certain elements of the charro suit.
"The charro suit itself has roots in Spanish equestrian attire. It comprises fitted trousers adorned with buttons, a short jacket, an embroidered belt, ankle-high boots, a wide bow tie, and the iconic wide-brimmed hat. The charro suit allowed mariachis to embody a sense of elegance and pride.
"Today, the charro suit has become a staple of mariachi tradition, worn by musicians worldwide. While basic elements of the outfit remain the same, mariachi groups add unique colors and embroidery designs."
Maracas
"In addition to music, maracas are also used in various rituals and ceremonies in Mexican culture. They are often used in traditional healing ceremonies where they are believed to have spiritual and healing properties.
"They are also used in religious festivals such as the Day of the Dead, where they are shaken to honor the spirits of the dead. In some cases, they are also used in shamanic ceremonies to call upon the spirits of ancestors."
* Traditional Instruments 2024-07-29 online
" Maracas are traditional percussion instruments consisting of hollow gourds or coconuts filled with seeds, pebbles, or dried beans. They have a handle attached for easy shaking. The body of the maraca is often decorated with colorful designs, making them visually appealing as well.
"When shaken, maracas produce a rattling sound that is crisp and rhythmic, adding a vibrant and lively beat to the music. The sound can vary based on the materials used inside and the size of the gourd.
"Maracas originated in Latin America, including Mexico, where they play a crucial role in traditional music genres like mariachi, son jarocho, and cumbia. They are used to keep the rhythm and enhance the overall musical texture.
"In traditional Mexican music, maracas are indispensable, providing a steady beat and engaging sound. Notable musicians like Mariachi Vargas de Tecalitlán have popularized the use of maracas, showcasing their importance in keeping the rhythm and adding to the festive spirit of Mexican music. The simplicity and effectiveness of maracas make them a beloved instrument in Mexican cultural heritage."
