Subject: longbow archer
Culture: English
Setting: France/Britain 15thc
Evolution:
Context (Event Photos, Primary Sources, Secondary Sources, Field Notes)
* Porter 2000 p59-61
"[A]rchers ... [were] an extremely significant force in military engagements, particularly in the later part of the medieval period.
"The longbow, used by foot-soldiers, was a fast-shooting long-range weapon of great impact and importance. Although capable of accuracy if carefully aimed, its chief strength in battle lay in its suitability for massed attack. A volley of arrows fired by a comparatively small body of archers might easily destroy a charge by a much larger group of mounted knights. The longbow, which first appeared in the English army after Edward I had seen it in action in Wales in the late thirteenth century, rapidly proved its worth and became a decisive factor in many of the battles of the Hundred Years' War."
* Waffen des Abendlandes 1966 p77
"Als erste bekamen die Franzosen im Hundertjährigen Krieg die erstaunliche Treffsicherheit und hohe Schußfolge (bis zu zwölf Pfeile pro Minute) der Engländer zu spüren: In den Schlachten bei Crécy (1346), Poitiers (1356) und Azincourt (1415) erlitten die französischen Reiterheere vernichtende Niederlagen. Englische Bogenschützen wurden bis ins späte Mittelalter von Herren aller Länder als Söldner angeworben; selbst der Deutsche Orden setzte sie bei der Ostkolonisierung ein."
* Royal Armouries Museum > War Gallery
"Missile troops of the 15th century The tactics of the Hundred Years War continued in use in England throughout the 15th century -- pitched battles were fought between large bodies of longbowmen.
"Some of these bowmen rode to battle and were equipped with body armour and helmets. On the battlefield formations of archers were strengthened by dismounted men-at-arms equipped with complete armour of plate, and by increasing numbers of infantry billmen, who wore less body armour." ...
* Armes et armures de Charlemagne à Louis XIV 1967 p247-248
"Rappelons que les archers anglais pratiquaient une tactique qui fitses preuves contre la chevalerie française à Crécy, en 1346, et à Azincourt, en 1415, où ils firent tomber une véritable pluie de flèches sur la chevalerie française, à cheval, lourdement armée et incapable de se défendre contre ce tir démoralisant et meurtrier."
* Ritter 2001 p31
"Der Langebogen was besonders in England sehr beliebt und erwies sich im Kampf gegen angreifende Ritter als wirksame Waffe: Die Pfeile hatten eine Reichweite von bis zu 300 Metern und konnten spielend die Kettenglieder von Rüstungen durchbohren."
* Arms and armour in England 1960 p26
"In the fifteenth century the English archers, whose importance had been growing since the wars of the thirteenth century, became a decisive factor in battle. Falkirk and Homilden [SIC] Hill against the Scots, Créçy, Poitiers, and Agincourt against the French, were all won by the disciplined skill of the English archers, who 'shot so wholly together'. Yet the armoured cavalry still played its part, and each was necessary to the other. The practice of archery on the village green was officially encouraged, and the archer was well paid in time of war."
* Arms and armour in England 1969 p26
"In the fifteenth century the English archers, whose importance had been growing since the wars of the thirteenth century, became a decisive factor in battle. The practice of archery on the village green was officially encouraged, and the archer was well paid in time of war. Falkirk and Homliden [SIC] Hill against the Scots, Créçy, Poitiers and Agincourt against the French were all won by the disciplined skill of the English archers who 'shot so wholly together'; yet the armoured cavalry still played its part, for each was necessary to the other."
Archery
* Boutell 1907 p134-135
"We may now consider the military equipment of archers in their palmy days.
"Their proper weapon, the bow, to which they owed their reputation, by right first claims our attention. Amongst the archers of England it was exclusively the great bow, five feet in length, and formed of yew, which at a range of at least 240 yards discharged a strong arrow, sharp and barbed. The shafts of these arrows were provided, near their base, with feathers, or with strips of leather. They were carried, not in such a quiver as appears in antique statues of Apollo or Diana, but bound together in a sheaf, and so suspended from the waist-belt. When in the act of commencing battle, the archer shook out his sheaf of arrows and placed them under his left foot, their points outwards; and thus he had only to stoop down in order to take them one by one in his hand as they were required. 'A first-rate English archer,' says Prince Louis Napoleon, 'who in a single minute was unable to draw and discharge his bow twelve times with a range of 240 yards, and who in these twelve shots once missed his man, was very lightly esteemed.' It is doubtful whether, at so great a distance, an arrow could have struck its mark with sufficient force to penetrate a knight's surcoat and hauberk of mail; but it would kill his horse, which was not yet provided with defensive armour ...."
* Cleator 1967 p110
"The standard English longbow, preferably made of yew, measured some six feet in length, and was drawn from the extended left hand to the right ear, discharging a thirty-six inch arrow (the 'cloth-yard shaft') endowed with a point of burnished steel. As the power of a bow is proportional to both the tension of its string and the distance through which it acts, the longbow was a formidable weapon in the hands of those fully trained in its use. And although it was eventually outranged by the heavy steel crossbow, it had other, overriding points in its favour, enumerated by J. Hewitt:
For a dozen arrows may be discharged while the arbalaster is winding up his instrument and fixing a single quarrel; and the longbow being a vertical arm, permits a close array, which cannot be attained with the horizontal crossbow; again, the longbow is a weapon of very light carriage, while its rival, with its thick bow of steel and its apparatus for bending, is both ponderous and unwieldy; the size of the quarrels also permits only eighteen of them to be brought by each man into the field, while the English archer carries 'twenty-four Scotchmen under his belt'."
* Pitt Rivers Museum online > Replica longbow (1893.65.1)
The longbow's distinctive qualities - its size, great range (up to 300 metres) and power - are often attributed as the cause of English victories during the Hundred Years War at Crecy (1346) and Agincourt (1415). However, recent historical interpretations appear to suggest that the bow's effectiveness was just as dependent on the organisation, skills and strength of the men using it. Like all self bows, the draw weight of the longbow increases exponentially as one draws the string back, until reaching its full draw, at a maximum of 75-80 lbs. This is way beyond the abilities of most inexperienced archers to achieve and hold, and Elizabethan observers often bemoaned the lack of practice and skill of England's Tudor bowmen in comparison to their forebears 200 years earlier. However, there is evidence that the Mary Rose archers had trained since childhood since many of the soldier skeletons found had thicker bones in the right arm and a deformed right shoulder joint.
"The origin of the English longbow has been much debated - some argue that it was actually a Welsh weapon, first recorded in military use in Gwent in South Wales in the 12th century. Adding weight to this is the fact that the Bayeux Tapestry, chronicling evens leading upto the Norman Invasion of England in 1066, shows neither Anglo-Saxons nor Normans carrying bows more than four feet long. Set against this theory is archaeological fact. Neolithic grave goods excavated at Meare Heath in Somerset included a longbow of yew, fully two metres in length and very similar in form to the medieval longbow, albeit somewhat wider and flatter across the belly. This bow was radiocarbon-dated to 2600 BC. It seems, therefore, that the longbow was a British weapon long before either England or Wales existed."
* Dowen/Hurst 2020 p62 caption
"Widely associated with England's victories over France during the Hundred Years War, the longbow ... had developed into a potent symbol of the nation's military greatness."
Armor
* Arms and armour in England 1960 p26
"Archers had of necessity to dispense with cumbrous armour, although the looting of the battlefield and the taking of prisoners must often have won them possession of it. The archer wore an open helmet (during the second half of the fifteenth century the sallet), and a short-sleeved mail shirt or brigandine sufficed for his body. He protected his left wrist from being chafed by the bow-string with a leather or horn wristlet known as a bracer."
* Arms and armour in England 1969 p26
"Archers had of necessity to dispense with cumbrous armour, though looting in the battlefield and taking prisoners must often have won them possession of it. The archer wore an open helmet (during the second half of the fifteenth century the sallet), and a short-sleeved mail shirt or brigandine sufficed for his body. He protected his left wrist from being chafed by the bowstring with a leather or horn wristlet known as a bracer."
* Armes et armures de Charlemagne à Louis XIV 1967 p248
"Au cours du XVe siècle, la brigandine et la cotte de mailles étaient, outre le casque -- salade ou barbute --, l'équipement essentiel de défense des archers."
Sword
* Arms and armour in England 1960 p29
"His other weapon was a sword or a maul (a large mallet) with which he joined the mêlée when the shooting was over and both forces had joined in hand-to-hand combat."
* Arms and armour in England 1969 p29
"His other weapon was a sword or a maul (a large mallet) with which he joined the mêlée when the shooting was over and the opposing forces had joined in hand-to-hand combat."
Shield
*
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