Subject: bhayankari palace guard
Culture: Javanese
Setting: Majapahit empire, Indonesia 14-16thc
Context (Event Photos, Primary Sources, Secondary Sources. Field Notes)
* Steel and magic 2020 p268
"[B]hayankaris (terrible) ... was the name for the palace guard officers of Majapahit."
*Steel and magic 2020 p250
"[T]he Majapahit palace guards were called bayankaris ('the terrible ones'). This might have given rise to the term keris, which has verifiably been used from the time of the Majapahit empire until today."
* Draeger 1972 p
*
Dagger
* World of the Javanese keris 1978 p12
"We may only speculate about how and when the keris and its manner of use evolved. The earliest dated blade is said to bear the Saka era date 1264 (A.D. 1432). The date, probably in the form of a chronogram, is open to misinterpretation, and the blade itself could easily have been made later. However, keris are portrayed in the fourteenth century reliefs at Panataran (A.D. 1369). Keris in sheaths reminiscent of today's Buginese sheaths are worn at the backs of three figures from Grogol, near Surabaya, dated A.D. 1413. In the Museum Pusat in Jakarta is a strikingly animated clown-servant figure with a sheathed keris at his back. He forms the handle of a bronze mirror attributed to the fifteenth century. Like the keris blades at Sukuh, the forms of the keris mentioned above are sufficiently developed to imply that they have passed through earlier evolutionary stages. Most examples seem to be East Javanese, supporting one theory that keris emerged as part of the East Javanese cultural renaissance that followed the tenth century collapse of the kingdoms of Central Java and culminated in fourteenth century Majapahit.
"Foreign travellers [sic] confirmed the dispersion of the keris: Ma Huan in Majapahit in 1433, Tomé Pires on the north coast of Java in 1515, and Theodore de Bry in Bantam in 1596. Artifacts brought to European museums can be dated at least to the time of their ascension. The oldest keris known in England were collected before 1637, and a fine lance with pamor and gold has been in the Danish Museum since 1647."
* Weihrauch/Aljunied 2024-07 p75
"Der Ursprung des Keris ist ungewiss, aber es dürften sowohl chinesische Formen, wie z. B. die seit über 3.000 Jahren geräuchliche ge-Waffe (eine spezifisch chinesische Hellebardenform mit asym-metrischer Klinge), als auch, vor allem in der Zeit der indischen Einflussnahme in der Chola-Zeit (10., 11. Jahrhundert), südindische Formen eine Rolle gespielt haben.
"Sicher ist, dass der Keris im 14. Jahrhundert schon fest in der javanischen Kulturlandschaft verwurzelt war. Wahrscheinlich ist, dass er im 13. Jahrhundert als Symbol bestimmter tantristisch-vajrayanischer Sekten under der davon geprägten Hocharistokratie als Symbol von spiritueller Macht und als seine Art von ,Glaubensbekenntnis' vorhanden war, nachdem die Konzeption von Klingen (Vorläufer des Keris) als geheiligtes Erbstückschon länger eine Rolle gespielt hatte. Vergleichbare Modelle kennt man zwar in den meisten Hochkulturen, aber im austronesischen Bereich spielt die Vorstellung vom geheiligten Erbstück, in dem die immateriellen Kraft bzw. die Seelenenergie verstorbener Vorfahren Wohnstatt nehmen kann, eine besonders umfassende Rolle."
* Elgood 2004 p252
"Krīs (Malay kěris) A dagger. A variety of forms exist from south-east Asia though there is debate about the date when the design started and where. 'The earliest dated krīs is reported to bear a śaka date equivalent to AD1342 on the blade.' It has been argued that the weapon evolved pre-fourteenth century in Java following the Hindu conquest but in the tenth century Abū Zayd al-Sirafī described how in Sarandib gangs of al-Hind kidnapped wealthy merchants at the ports with their uniquely made sharp krīs. A stone tryptych at the mid-fourteenth century Hindu temple at Sukuh portrays a god forging a krīs and is claimed as the earliest sculptural representation of the weapon."
"By around the 14th century the keris had evolved into more or less its modern form as a thrusting dagger with an asymmetrical blade and integral guard. It was during the height of the influence of the Majapahit Empire that the keris appears to have spread out of Java. Fine keris were frequently sent by the Majapahit kings as prestige gifts to prominent local rulers and kerises were also produced in Java as piece goods for regional trade."
* Stone 1934 p546
"SELI-BESI. 'Iron kris,' probably the Majapahit kris with an iron hilt forged in one piece with the blade." [reference omitted]
* World of the Javanese keris 1978 p34
'Ma Huan, referring to the knives (probably keris) worn in Majapahit, observes 'for the handles they use gold or rhinoceros horn or elephants' teeth, engraved with representations of human forms or devil's faces, the craftsmanship being very fine and skilful' [sic]. Two of the three oldest keris known in England have human figure hilts .... Like the guardians at temple or court gates, these are probably apotropaic guardian figures; many of them are positioned on the pesi so that they face directly outward from the person's back, when the keris is worn."
* Aspects of Indonesian culture 1979 p64
"Although the sacred blade has always been the most important part of the kris, the hilts and the scabbards were also beautifully decorated. Originally many hilts represented stylised halfmen, a guardian or demon, but probably through Muslim influence this trait has now vanished.
"Some of the finest krises were made during the Majapahit period (1293 to 1478)."
Spear
* National cultural encyclopaedia p169
"TRISULA is a kind of spear which has three sharp points. It is varied. A straight one, 3 or 5 luk, and as a combination of luk and straight. It is a popular type, most people like it. But the old ones are rare.
"Most of them are used as pusaka, not used as a practical weapon. That's why, most of them are decorated with kinatah emas."
* Steel and magic 2020 p78 (describing a trident, Central Java 17thc)
"The trisula is associated with the Shiva cult, and symbolises the three aspects of the god as creator, protector, and destroyer. If the shaft is long, then it represents the axis of the universe. The trisula is also the weapon for the exorcising of demonic beings."
* Ensiklopedi budaya nasional p169
"TRISULA, adalah nama dapur tombak yang bercabang tiga, atau mempunyai tiga buah ujung yang runcing. Bentuk tombak dapur Trisula banyak ragamnya. Ada yang lurus, ada yang luk tiga atau lima, ada pula yang berkombinasi antara luk dan lurus. Tombak dapur Trisula ini tergolong populer dan banyak disukai orang, Tapi yang buatan lama tergolong langka.
"Tombak dapur Trisula kebanyakan merupakan tombak pusaka, yang tidak dipakai untuk keperluan praktis dalam pertempuran. Itulah sebabnya, Trisula yang baik, selalu dibuat indah dan banyak yang diberi Kinatah mas."
* van Zonneveld 2001 p
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Sword
* Draeger 1972 p
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* van Zonneveld 2001 p84
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Costume
* World of the Javanese keris 1978 p49
"Earlier (pre-European?) Javanese dress apparently left the upper body bare, the keris as now, generally at the back. This placement relates to back-protecting motifs in Javanese art, such as Banaspati, the terror-inspiring manifestation of Shiva seen, for example, on the back of Ganesha, or the garuda mungkur at the back of crowns like those worn by wayang figures."
Shield
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